Scientific Inventions and Discoveries

Object or Phenomenon	Inventor or Discoverer	Year	Nationality
AC Motor	Nikola Tesla	1892	American
AC Transformer	William Stanley	1885	American
Achromatic Lens	John Dollond	1758	British
Adding Machine	Blaise Pascal	1642	French
Adding Machine  (Recording)	William Seward Burroughs	1888	American
Aerosol Can	Erik Rotheim	1926	Norwegian
Air Brake	George Westinghouse	1868	American
Air Conditioning	W.H. Carrier	1911	American
Air Pump	Otto von Guericke	1650	German
Air-Inflated  Rubber Tire	J.B. Dunlop	1887	Scottish
Airplane	Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright	1903	American
Antiseptic  Surgery	Joseph Lister	1865	English
Arc Lamp	Charles Francis Bush	1879	American
Artificial Earth  Satellite	USSR government scientists	1957	Soviet
Artificial Heart	Robert K. Jarvik	1982	American
Artificial Heart  (Left Ventricle)	Michael Ellis DeBakey	1966	American
Atomated  Machine-Oiler	Elijah McCoy, the "Real McCoy"	1875	Canadian
Atomic Bomb	U.S. government scientists	1945	American
Aureomycin	Benjamin Minge Duggar and Chandra Bose Subba Row	1948	American
Autogiro	Juan de la Cierva	1923	Spanish
Automated Electric Elevator	Alexander Miles	1887	American
Automobile  Engine  (Two-Cycle)	Karl Benz	1879	German
Automobile  Self-Starter	Charles Franklin Kettering	1915	American
Automobile (Int.Combustion  Engine)	Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler	1885	German
Bacteria	Anton van Leeuwenhoek	1683	Dutch
Balloon,  Hot-Air	Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques E'tienne Montgolfier	1783	French
Ballpoint Pen	Georg and Ladislao Biro	1938	Hungarian
Barometer	Evangelista Torricelli	1643	Italian
Bathyscaphe	Auguste Piccard	1947	Swiss
Bathysphere	(Charles) William Beebe	1930	American
Bessemer  Converter  (Steel)	Sir Henry Bessemer	1856	British
Betatron	Donald William Kerst	1940	American
Bicycle  (No Pedals)	Karl D. Sauerbronn	1816	German
Bicycle  (With Pedals)	Kirkpatrick MacMillan	1839	British
Bifocal Lens	Benjamin Franklin	1780	American
Birth-Control  Pill	Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and Min-chueh Chang	1960	American
Blood Transfusion	Jean-Baptiste Denys	1625	French
Braille Printing	Louis Braille	1829	French
Breech- Loading  Rifle	Edward Maynard	1851	American
Browning Gun  (Automatic Rifle)	John Moses Browning	1916	American
Bubble Chamber  (Nuclear Particle Detector)	Donald Arthur Glaser	1952	American
Buna (Synthetic Rubber)	German scientists	1935	German
Calculating  Machine	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz	1671	German
Carbon Dating	W.F. Libby	1955	American
Cash Register	James J. Ritty	1879	American
CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography)  Scanner	Godfrey N. Hounsfield	1975	British
Cathode Ray Tube	Sir William Crookes	1878	British
Cellophane	Jacques Edwin Brandenberger	1908	Swiss
Cellophane	Jacques Edwin Brandenberger	1911	Swiss
Celluloid	John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt	1870	American
Chlormycetin	Mildred Rebstock	1947	American
Chlorophyll  Synthesized	Robert Burns Woodward	1960	American
Color Television	Peter Carl Goldmark	1950	American
Communications Satellite	U.S. government scientists	1958	American
Compact Disc	Joop Sinjou Toshi Tada Doi	1979	Dutch Japanese
Compound  Microscope	Zacharias Janssen	1590	Dutch
Computer (Personal)	Steve Wozniak	1976	American
Continuous Current  Dynamo	Zenobe-Theophile Gramme	1871	Belgian
Cortisone  Synthesized	Percy Julian, Edward Kendall Tadeus Reichstein	1935	Americans Swiss
Cotton Gin	Eli Whitney	1793	American
Cracked Gasoline	William Meriam Burton	1913	American
Cream Separator	Carl Gustav de Laval	1878	Swedish
Cyclotron	Ernest Orlando Lawrence	1931	American
Ddt	Paul Moeller	1939	Swiss
Diesel Engine	Rudolf Diesel	1893	German
Differential Analyzer (Analogue Computer)	Vannevar Bush	1931	American
Digital Computer, Electronic	John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John W. Mauchly	1946	American
Diode Rectifier  Tube (Radio)	Sir John Ambrose Fleming	1905	British
Diving Bell	Edmund Halley	1717	English
Dry Cell	Georges Leclanche'	1868	French
Dynamite	Alfred Bernhard Nobel	1866	Swedish
Dynamo	Michael Faraday	1831	British
Electric Battery	Count Alessandro Volta	1800	Italian
Electric Furnace	Wilhelm Siemens	1861	British
Electric Motor	Michael Faraday	1821	British
Electric Streetcar	Thomas Davenport	1834	American
Electric Welding	Elihu Thomson	1877	American
Electro- cardiograph	Willem Einthoven	1903	Dutch
Electromagnet	William Sturgeon	1823	British
Electron Microscope	German scientists	1935	German
Electronic Pocket  Calculator	J.S. Kilby and J.D. Merryman	1972	American
Electroplating	Luigi Gasparo Brugnatelli	1805	Italian
Elevator (With Brake)	Elisha Graves Otis	1852	American
Ether	Crawford Williamson Long	1846	American
Ethernet	Robert M. Metcalfe & D.R. Boggs	1974	American
Experimental Airplane	Samuel Pierpont Langley	1896	American
Fiberoptics	Bell Laboratories	1975	American
First Full Synthesis Of A Gene	Har Gobind Khorana	1970	American
First Magneto- hydrodynamic Power Generator	USSR government scientists	1972	Soviet
First Prototype  Rotary Engine	Felix Wankel	1956	German
Flyball Governor	James Watt	1788	British
Food Preservation (By Sterilization &  Air-Exclusion)	Francois Appert	1810	French
Fountain Pen	Lewis Edson Waterman	1884	American
Fourdrinier Machine (Papermaking)	Louis Robert	1799	French
Freon (Low- Boiling  Fluorine Compounds)	Thomas Midgley and coworkers	1930	American
Frequency Modulation (FM)	Edwin Howard Armstrong	1933	American
Friction Match	John Walker	1827	British
Galvanometer	Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger	1820	German
Gas Mantle	Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach	1887	Austrian
Gas Turbine	John Barber	1791	British
Gas-Filled Incandescent Lamp	Irving Langmuir	1916	American
Gas-Mask (Hood)	Garrett Morgan	1914	American
Gasoline Automobile	Charles Edgar Duryea and J. Frank Duryea	1893	American
Genetic Flaw Repaired In Mouse Cells By Recombinant DNA And Micromanipulation Techniques	W. French Anderson and coworkers	1979	American
Germ Theory Of Disease	Louis Pasteur (1859) and Robert Koch	1876	French German
Glider	Otto Lilienthal	1891	German
Gramophone (Disk Records)	Emile Berliner	1887	American
Graphophone (Dictating Machine)	Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter	1885	American
Guided Missile	Wernher von Braun	1942	German
Guncotton	Christian Friedrich Schoenbein	1846	German
Gyrocompass	Hermann Anschutz-Kaempfe	1906	German
Gyroscope	Jean Bernard Leon Foucault	1852	French
Gyroscopic Compass And Stabilizer	Elmer Ambrose Sperry	1910	American
Harvester	Charles and William Marsh	1858	American
Helicopter	Igor Sikorsky	1939	American
Heredity, Laws Of	Gregor Mendel	1865	Austrian
Heterodyne Radio Receiver	Reginald Aubrey Fessenden	1913	American
High-Temperature Superconductors	J. Georg Bednorz Karl A. Moeller	1986	German Swiss
Holography	Dennis Gabon	1947	English
Hovercraft	Christopher Cockerell	1956	English
Human Heart Transplant	Christiaan Neethling Barnard	1967	South Africa
Hydraulic Press	Joseph Bramah	1795	English
Hydrogen Bomb	U.S. government scientists	1952	American
Hydrogenation Of Coal	Friedrich Bergius	1910	German
Hygrometer	J.F. Daniell	1820	English
Hypodermic Syringe	Alexander Wood	1855	Scottish
Illuminating Gas	William Murdock	1792	Scottish
Insulin	Sir Frederick Grant Banting	1922	Canadian
Integrated Circuit	Jack Kilby, Robert Noyce	1959	American
Internal-Combustion Engine (Four-Cycle)	Nikolaus August Otto	1877	German
Internal- Combustion Engine (Gas, Two-Cycle)	Sadi Carnot (theory, 1824) Jean-Joseph-Etienne Lenoir	1860	French
Internet (Initially "Arpanet")	Leonard Kleinrock	1969	American
Jacquard Loom	Joseph Marie Jacquard	1800	French
Jet Engine Propulsion	Sir Frank Whittle Hans von Ohain	1936	English German
Kevlar Technology	Stephanie Kwolek	1965	American
Kinematoscope	Coleman Sellers	1861	American
Kodak Camera	George Eastman	1888	American
Laser	Charles Hard Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, and Gordon Gould	1960	American
Leyden Jar (Condenser)	E.G. von Kleist	1745	German
Light Bulb (Incandescent Filament)	Thomas Alva Edison Sir Joseph Wilson Swan	1879	American British
Light- Emitting Diode (LED)	Nick Holonyak, Jr.	1962	American
Lightning Rod	Benjamin Franklin	1752	American
Linotype	Ottmar Mergenthaler	1880	American
Liquid-Crystal Display	George Heilmeier	1964	American
Liquid-Fuel Rocket	Robert Hutchings Goddard	1926	American
Lithography	Aloys Senefelder	1796	German
Machine Gun	Richard Jordan Gatling	1861	American
Magnetic Boat	Yoshiro Saji	1992	Japanese
Magnifying Glass	Roger Bacon	1250	English
Mammal To Mammal Gene Transplants	Paul Berg, Richard Mulligan, and Bruce Howard	1978	American
Marine Chronometer	John Harrison	1759	British
Maser	Charles Townes	1953	American
Mass Spectrograph	Sir Francis William Aston Arthur Jeffrey Dempster	1919	British American
Mercerized Cotton	John Mercer	1850	British
Mercury Thermometer	Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit	1714	German
Mercury- Vapor Lamp	Peter Cooper Hewitt	1912	American
Methanol. - Volume, Pressure, Temperature Relation In Gases.	Robert Boyle	1661	Irish
Microphone	Emile Berliner	1877	American
Microprocessor	Ted Hoff	1971	American
Microwave Oven	Percy L. Spencer	1947	American
Mimeograph	Albert Blake Dick	1887	American
Modern Gas-Turbine Engine	Sir Frank Whittle	1930	British
Monotype	Tolbert Lanston	1887	American
Morse Code	Samuel Finley Breese Morse	1838	American
Motion Picture Camera (Kinetograph)	Thomas Alva Edison William K. L. Dickson	1891	American British
Motion Picture Projection	Louis Jean Lumiere and Auguste Marie Lumiere Charles Francis Jenkins	1894	French American
Motion Picture Viewer   (Kinetoscope)	Thomas Alva Edison William K. L. Dickson	1891	American British
Motion, Laws Of	Isaac Newton	1687	English
Mri (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)	Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield	1977	American
Multigrid Electron Tube	Irving Langmuir	1913	American
Multiple- Wheel Steam Turbine	Sir Charles Algernon Parsons	1884	British
Neon Lamp	Georges Claude	1911	French
Neoprene (Synthetic Rubber)	Father Julius Arthur Nieuwland and Wallace Hume Carothers	1930	American
Nipkow Disk (Mechanical Television Scanning Device)	Paul Gottlieb Nipkow	1884	German
Nitroglycerin	Ascanio Sobrero	1846	Italian
Nmr (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)	Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell	1950	American
Nonrigid Airship	Henri Giffard	1852	French
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging	Raymond Damadian	1971	American
Nuclear Reactor	Enrico Fermi	1942	American
Nylon	Wallace Hume Carothers	1935	American
Opthalmoscope	Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz	1851	German
Optical Fibers	Narinder S. Kapany	1955	Indian
Paints & Stains From Soybeans	George W. Carver	1927	American
Paper (From Wood Pulp, Sulfite Process)	Benjamin Chew Tilghman	1866	American
Pattern Loom	Joseph Marie Jacquard	1801	French
Pendulum Clock	Christiaan Huygens	1656	Dutch
Penicillin	Sir Alexander Fleming	1928	British
Phase Contrast Microscope	Frits Zernike	1932	Dutch
Phosphorus Match	Charles Sauria	1831	French
Photoelectric Cell	Julius Elster Hans F. Geitel	1893	German
Photography	Louis-Jacques-Mande' Daguerre Joseph Nicephore Niepce and William Henry Fox Talbot	1839	French British
Piano	Bartolomeo Cristofori	1710	Italian
Pistol (Revolver)	Samuel Colt	1835	American
Plastic Synthesized (Bakelite)	Leo H. Baekeland	1910	American
Platform Scales	Thaddeus Fairbanks	1830	American
Pneumatic Tire	Robert William Thompson	1845	American
Pocket Watch	Peter Henlein	1504	German
Polaroid Land Camera	Edwin Herbert Land	1947	American
Polio Vaccine	Jonas Salk	1954	American
Portland Cement	Joseph Aspdin	1824	British
Power Loom	Edmund Cartwright	1785	British
Printing Press	Johann Gutenberg	1450	German
Printing Press	Frederick Koenig	1810	German
Quadruplex Telegraph	Thomas Alva Edison	1874	American
Quick- Frozen Food	Clarence Birdseye	1924	American
Radiolocator (Radar)	Sir Robert Watson-Watt	1935	British
Radiotelephone	Valdemar Poulsen Reginald Aubrey Fessenden	1902	Danish American
Railroad Locomotive	George Stephenson	1814	British
Ramjet Airplane	Rene' Leduc	1949	French
Ramjet Engine	Rene' Lorin	1913	French
Rayon (Acetate)	Charles Frederick Cross	1895	British
Rayon (Cuprammonium)	Louis Henri Despeissis	1890	French
Rayon (Nitrocellulose)	Comte Hilaire Bernigaud de Chardonnet	1884	French
Rayon (Viscose)	Charles Frederick Cross	1892	British
Reaper	Cyrus Hall McCormick	1831	American
Recombinant DNA (Genetic Engineering)	U.S. scientists	1974	American
Reflecting Telescope	Isaac Newton	1668	English
Refrigerator	Alexander Twining & James Harrison	1850	American & Australian
Refrigerator Car	G.F. Swift	1877	American
Reinforced Concrete	F.J. Monier	1849	French
Rigid Dirigible Airship	Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin	1900	German
Rotary Printing Press	Richard March Hoe	1846	American
Safety Lamp	Sir Humphry Davy	1815	British
Safety Matches	J.E. Lundstrom	1855	Swedish
Safety Pin	Walter Hunt	1849	American
Salvarsan	Paul Ehrlich	1909	German
Scanning Tunneling Microscope	Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer	1983	German Swiss
Scintillation Counter	Hartmut Kallmann	1948	German
Screw Propeller	John Stevens	1804	American
Seed Drill	Jethro Tull	1701	English
Sensitized Photographic Paper	Leo Hendrik Baekeland	1898	American
Sewing Machine	Barthelemy Thimonnier	1830	French
Silicon	Jons Jakob Berzelius	1823	Swedish
Skylab Orbiting Space Laboratory	U.S. government scientists	1973	American
Smallpox Vaccination	Edward Jenner	1796	British
Snowmobile	Armand Bombardier	1937	Canadian
Sodium- Cooled Atomic Reactor	U.S. government scientists	1957	American
Solar Battery	Bell Telephone Laboratory scientists	1954	American
Solid- Fuel Rocket	William Congreve	1804	British
Sound Motion Pictures	T.W. Case	1922-26	American
Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle)	National Aeronautics and Space Administration engineers	1981	American
Spectroscope	Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen	1859	German
Spinning Frame	R. Arkwright	1769	English
Spinning Jenny	James Hargreaves	1764	British
Steam Engine	Thomas Newcomen	1712	British
Steam Engine (With Separate Condenser)	James Watt	1769	British
Steam Hammer	James Nasmyth	1839	Scottish
Steam Locomotive	Richard Trevithick	1804	British
Steam Pump	Thomas Savery	1698	English
Steam Turbine	Giovanni Branca	1629	Italian
Steam Turbine	C.A. Parsons	1884	English
Steam Turbine	C.G. de Laval	1889	Swedish
Steamboat	John Fitch	1786	American
Steel Pen	Samuel Harrison	1780	English
Stereotyping	William Ged	1725	Scottish
Stethoscope	Rene' Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec	1819	French
Streptomycin	Selman A. Waksman	1945	American
Structure Of DNA Described	James Watson and Francis Crick	1953	American English
Submarine	David Bushnell	1775	American
Sulfanllamide	Gerhard Domagk	1935	German
Supercomputer	J.H. Van Tassel and Seymour Cray	1976	American
Synthesis Of Human Insulin Genes	Roberto Crea, Tadaaki Hirose, Adam Kraszewski, and Keiichi Itakura	1978	American
Synthetic Diamonds	General Electric scientists	1955	American
Synthetic Rubber	Sir William Augustus Tilden	1891	British
Talking Machine (Phonograph)	Thomas Alva Edison	1877	American
Telegraph	Samuel Finley Breese Morse Sir Charles Wheatstone	1837	American British
Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell	1876	American
Telescope	Hans Lippershey	1608	Dutch
Television Iconoscope	Vladimir Kosma Zworykin	1923	American
Television Image Dissector Tube	Philo Taylor Farnsworth	1925	American
Three- Color Camera	Frederick Eugene Ives	1892	American
Three-Way Traffic Signal	Garrett Morgan	1923	American
Threshing Machine	Andrew Meikle	1784	British
Transistor	John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Shockley	1948	American
Triode Amplifier Tube (Radio)	Lee De Forest	1907	American
Tunable Dye Laser	Mary Spaeth	1966	American
Turbojet Aircraft Engine	Sir Frank Whittle	1941	British
Twin-Rotor Helicopter	Heinrich Focke	1936	German
Two-Color Motion Picture Camera	C. Albert Smith	1908	British
Typewriter	W.A. Burt	1829	American
Typewriter	Carlos Glidden and Christopher Latham Sholes	1868	American
Universe Is Expanding	George LeMaitre Edwin P. Hubble	1927-9	Belgian American
V-2 (Rocket- Propelled Bomb)	German scientists	1944	German
Vacuum Bottle (Dewar Flask)	Sir James Dewar	1892	British
Van De Graaff Generator	Robert Jemison Van de Graaff	1932	American
Videotape	Charles Ginsberg, Ray Dolby	1956	American
Vitamins	Casimir Funk	1911	Polish
Vulcanized Rubber	Charles Goodyear	1839	American
Water Thermometer	Galileo	1593	Italian
Water Turbine	James Bicheno Francis	1849	American
Web-Fed Newspaper Printing Press	Richard March Hoe	1861	American
Windshield Wipers	Mary Anderson	1903	American
Wireless Telegraph	Marchese Guglielmo Marconi	1895	Italian
Xerography	Chester Carlson	1942	American
X-Ray	Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen	1895	German
X-Ray Tube	William David Coolidge	1916	American